Discussion:
[Elecraft] E-H Antenna Simulation in NEC
John, KI6WX
2003-02-28 04:51:04 UTC
Permalink
Just for fun, I ran the E-H Antenna described in the patent 6,486,846 in
NEC-4.1. I used the antenna and matching network described in Figure 1.
The antenna consists of two aluminum cylinders that are 12" long and 4.5" in
diameter. The operating frequency is 7 MHz. I assumed that the Q of the
parts in the matching network were 1000. The calculations were done with
the antenna in free space.

The input impedance of the antenna is 0.036-j2114 ohms. This is a very low
radiation resistance with lots of reactance that needs to be removed in the
matching network. The efficiency of the radiating elements in the antenna
is 98.9%. This is expected since the radiating elements have a large
diameter.

The very low resistance and high reactance are a real challenge in the
matching network. The simulations show that the matching network will
dissipate most of the power. Less than 1% of the power will get through the
matching network to the antenna.

Finally, the matching network does not force balanced currents to flow
through both terminals of the transmission line. This means that the
transmission line will radiate. I would expect that most of the radiation
will occur from the transmission line if it is longer than a few feet. If
it is longer than a 1/4 wavelength, the overall efficiency of the antenna
and transmission line could be pretty good even though the antenna is
radiating less than 1% of the power.

-John
KI6WX
Tony Wells
2003-02-28 09:06:01 UTC
Permalink
Post by John, KI6WX
I would expect that most of the radiation
will occur from the transmission line if it is longer than a few feet. If
it is longer than a 1/4 wavelength, the overall efficiency of the antenna
and transmission line could be pretty good even though the antenna is
radiating less than 1% of the power.
Hi John,

Coax, shmoax. Feedline shmeedline. This is all getting a bit circular :-)
These are all the reasons why Charles posted his question about wanting a
small single transistor to connect to his EH antenna without any feedline.

He and I are of the same mind on this. I've got a K1 I want to connect up
but no EH antenna..He has, I think got an antenna but no small tx. Neither
of us want to use feedline.

Perhaps we should meet somewhere in the middle and hook up my K1. Should be
a square in the middle of the atlantic that is rare enough to attract some
interest. I wonder if my K1 floats?

Regards,

Tony
M3CJF
G7IGG
John, KI6WX
2003-02-28 09:39:01 UTC
Permalink
Tony;
My personal suggestion for a good portable antenna is to make a random
length dipole (you don't even have to feed it in the middle) that is as long
and high as feasible for your operation. Feed it with a piece of coax, but
don't worry about a balun. Let a KAT1 or a KAT2 match the load at the other
end of the coax. The feedline will radiate, but you don't care because the
antenna is non-directional. This will work as well as any non-beam type
antenna, it is cheap to make, doesn't weigh a lot, and is easy to put up.
It will even radiate both horizontal and vertical polarization because of
the feedline radiation.

On one Field Day I used this type of antenna from the summit of Mt. Shasta
in northern California running 2 watts from an HW-7. We worked numerous
Japanese and east coast stations without difficulty. The effective height
of that antenna was about 2 miles above the surrounding country.

-John
KI6WX
Post by Tony Wells
Post by John, KI6WX
I would expect that most of the radiation
will occur from the transmission line if it is longer than a few feet.
If
Post by Tony Wells
Post by John, KI6WX
it is longer than a 1/4 wavelength, the overall efficiency of the antenna
and transmission line could be pretty good even though the antenna is
radiating less than 1% of the power.
Hi John,
Coax, shmoax. Feedline shmeedline. This is all getting a bit circular :-)
These are all the reasons why Charles posted his question about wanting a
small single transistor to connect to his EH antenna without any feedline.
He and I are of the same mind on this. I've got a K1 I want to connect up
but no EH antenna..He has, I think got an antenna but no small tx. Neither
of us want to use feedline.
Perhaps we should meet somewhere in the middle and hook up my K1. Should be
a square in the middle of the atlantic that is rare enough to attract some
interest. I wonder if my K1 floats?
Regards,
Tony
M3CJF
G7IGG
Tony Wells
2003-02-28 09:51:01 UTC
Permalink
Hi John,

I agree with you completely on the subject of portable dipoles in the field.

However I, and many others are in the area of trying to find a small compact
ant that will work well in small backyards. Most ham real estate will allow
20-30 feet elevation up a pole but only limited radiator and feedline
length. So the EH antenna up a pole *may* provide a better solution on 40,
80 and 160 Mters. The nearest alternative to the EH in these circumstances
is the mag loop, and that itself would be a compromise on 40, 80 and 160. If
there was a "conventional", "good" solution to this already, there would be
one in evey small backyard.

Regards,

Tony
M3CJF
G7IGG

All mail in and out checked lovingly by hand, character by character.

----- Original Message -----
From: "John, KI6WX" <***@pacbell.net>
To: "Tony Wells" <***@blueyonder.co.uk>; "Elecraft Mailing List"
<***@mailman.qth.net>
Sent: Friday, February 28, 2003 8:35 AM
Subject: Re: [Elecraft] E-H Antenna Simulation in NEC
Post by John, KI6WX
Tony;
My personal suggestion for a good portable antenna is to make a random
length dipole (you don't even have to feed it in the middle) that is as long
and high as feasible for your operation. Feed it with a piece of coax, but
don't worry about a balun. Let a KAT1 or a KAT2 match the load at the other
end of the coax. The feedline will radiate, but you don't care because the
antenna is non-directional. This will work as well as any non-beam type
antenna, it is cheap to make, doesn't weigh a lot, and is easy to put up.
It will even radiate both horizontal and vertical polarization because of
the feedline radiation.
On one Field Day I used this type of antenna from the summit of Mt. Shasta
in northern California running 2 watts from an HW-7. We worked numerous
Japanese and east coast stations without difficulty. The effective height
of that antenna was about 2 miles above the surrounding country.
-John
KI6WX
Post by Tony Wells
Post by John, KI6WX
I would expect that most of the radiation
will occur from the transmission line if it is longer than a few feet.
If
Post by Tony Wells
Post by John, KI6WX
it is longer than a 1/4 wavelength, the overall efficiency of the
antenna
Post by Tony Wells
Post by John, KI6WX
and transmission line could be pretty good even though the antenna is
radiating less than 1% of the power.
Hi John,
Coax, shmoax. Feedline shmeedline. This is all getting a bit circular :-)
These are all the reasons why Charles posted his question about wanting a
small single transistor to connect to his EH antenna without any feedline.
He and I are of the same mind on this. I've got a K1 I want to connect up
but no EH antenna..He has, I think got an antenna but no small tx. Neither
of us want to use feedline.
Perhaps we should meet somewhere in the middle and hook up my K1. Should
be
Post by Tony Wells
a square in the middle of the atlantic that is rare enough to attract some
interest. I wonder if my K1 floats?
Regards,
Tony
M3CJF
G7IGG
Stuart Rohre
2003-03-03 18:49:02 UTC
Permalink
Tony, the FLEX antenna will probably offer you all the compactness you
desire and still decent bandwidth, (70 kHz at 7 MHz), all in a size that is
no more than 8 feet tall at 160m, and proportionately smaller at higher
bands. Now these are one band antennas at this time, but our R&D group is
working on multiband models. We have working models of 60 per cent
efficiency only 6 inches high for 20m. If you go up to 14 inches high you
can get up in the 90 per cent ranges for total efficiency. And this is the
antenna alone radiating over a ground plane 6 by 6 feet, not the feedline
radiation, as a balun is used or a cable choke.

Papers have appeared in Antennas and Propagation of IEEE USA, and in IEEE
Antennas Symposium proceedings, June 2002.

The secret is a folded unipole element, which is replicated a total of four
elements in parallel around a cone shape. The feedpoint is the point of the
cone, the wide end has the shorted side of the quarter wave lines that make
up elements. The angle of the cone support is typically 40 degrees. This
for the 14 inch slant height model.

The inventor is Robert Rogers, a local K5. Applications to date have been
for ship to ship communications and ship to shore, as well as ocean research
buoy telemetry to ship or shore. These are all HF ground wave and sky wave
experiments, but the ground wave is much better than the typically helical
short vertical on fiberglass rod.
73, Stuart K5KVH
Ron D'Eau Claire
2003-02-28 19:56:00 UTC
Permalink
Tony, you are absolutely right. There isn't a ultra-compact antenna
design that competes well with a full-sized antenna out there anywhere.
It's the "mousetrap" that, if it can be built, will become the most
popular device in any Amateur's setup.

The way I see it, this is AMATEUR radio for most of us. We do things for
the "fun" of it, not because it's a contest, a business or to document
academic achievement.

It's true that never in the 100 years of antenna design work since
Marconi hung his first wire in the air has someone found something new
that fell outside of the engineering principles for antenna design. The
principles have been documented, tested and expanded upon since
Marconi's first empirical designs showed promise. These principles have
been used again and again to predict how a new type of antenna would
work, and then confirmed when the antennas were actually built and
tested. They have led to every antenna design in current use.

So you are working against very long odds Even so, messing about with an
antenna design that is interesting to you, no matter how unlikely, can
be a lot of fun and very instructive. Going through the process of
figuring out how well it works (or doesn't work) and why will provide a
wealth of knowledge that you may not have gained before.

In the field of antenna design, determining how something works is
equivalent with evaluating the validity of Extra-Sensory Perception. For
most Hams it becomes a process of collecting impressions and dealing
with incomplete statistical data. Very few of us have adequate test
ranges on which we can compare the design against other designs under
identical conditions. The best we can do - sometimes - is to put up two
antennas in a way that they don't interfere with each other and do very
fast A/B switching between the two to compare signals. Even then, our
data may be flawed because of differences in polarization, differences
in lobe positions and other factors that may have a dramatic effect on
one signal but not on another.

Many Hams, like ESP practitioners, are happy with anecdotal evidence.
They say, "I got a good signal report from a DX station so my antenna
works FB". That's just like the ESP practitioner who predicts something
that actually happened so he/she is obviously psychic. That drives
scientists nuts because the "scientific method" demands that a valid
experiment can be repeated at will. If it cannot be repeated, it is
suspected of being a statistical fluke. At the very least it cannot be
used as the basis for further design work because we want things that
work when we expect them to. How many people would be happy with a TV
set that turned on "once in a while" when we pushed the button? Or an
automobile that started "once in a while" when we turned the key? If an
engineer is going to use the data to design something useful, it must
work as planned every time unless there is an obvious and repairable
malfunction.

Whenever a new idea is put forward, engineers will look at it to see if
there is something "new" in the design or performance. The first step
must be to verify the measurements that were taken. Once the data is
confirmed, the design is tested against current principles to see if
they predict those results. If not, we start looking for "why". Finding
out "why" can reveal a new engineering principle. More often, finding
out "why" discloses errors in the measurement and testing methods and we
learn something about devising better experiments.

Sometimes people announce something for less-than-scientific reasons.
Remember "Cold Fusion"?

In the case of the E-H antenna, I was alerted by their insistence upon
calling a very common and well-known circuit by a "new" name. I asked
"why"? Are they trying to make it sound "new"? That's exactly what the
E-H antenna documentation does with their "phase-shift network". It's
what any Ham would call a "matching network". Such a network does do two
things: converts the impedance at the antenna to what the source (the
transmitter) requires AND it corrects for reactance in the circuit. We
correct reactance to put the voltage and current in phase. That's
exactly what the E-H network does. It is nothing more than a common
"matching network". Trying to call a "matching network" by a new name
without explaining that it is exactly what most hams have used at one
time or another seems like they are trying to use some "smoke and
mirrors" to make their design sound more different than it actually is.

Applying current engineering principles to the design, as John has done,
discloses that very little r-f will be radiated by the "antenna" portion
of the E-H design. John noted that the feedline can be a very effective
radiator in this case. That would account for some of the reports of
good performance from it. So, by all means, if it interests you go ahead
and find a way to test the antenna without a feedline! If it still
radiates as well or if it doesn't radiate, something has been learned.
If it works, perhaps a new principle may be hidden in there somewhere
that turns upside down everything ever done with antennas to date, or
there is some other reason that we haven't discovered yet.

People like John, myself or anyone else who offers alternative
explanations for there being a new principle at work on the E-H antenna
are NOT opposing what you are doing.

John is giving of his time to help you test your hypothesis. He and
others are offering possible explanations for your successes in order to
help you understand and appreciate what you are doing.

That's the first step in uncovering a new engineering principle. Testing
the experiment to see if there are any alternative explanations, then -
as you are doing by removing the feedline - changing the experiment to
see if the alternative explanation is true. When, and only when we have
exhausted every possible alternative explanation for why something is
"working" and it still works in spite of running counter to what we
know, will we then know it is time to start looking for some new and
undiscovered principle.

Everyone who questions your results is on YOUR side! We are all
experimenters looking for "what works".

Ron AC7AC
K2 # 1289

-----Original Message-----
... I, and many others are in the area of trying to find a small compact
ant that will work well in small backyards. Most ham real estate will
allow 20-30 feet elevation up a pole but only limited radiator and
feedline length. So the EH antenna up a pole *may* provide a better
solution on 40, 80 and 160 Mters. The nearest alternative to the EH in
these circumstances is the mag loop, and that itself would be a
compromise on 40, 80 and 160. If there was a "conventional", "good"
solution to this already, there would be one in evey small backyard.

Regards,

Tony
M3CJF
G7IGG
Heimo J. Lyden
2003-03-01 12:13:01 UTC
Permalink
John, thank you for taking your time to make a NEC analyzis. This conforms
very well to experiments made by a friend of mine, Bengt SM6APQ, when he
was asked by the swedish SSA magazine QTC to perform some tests on the EH
antenna. Bengt is a QRO guy and this is probably the only time he used QRPp
:-). I really would love to have a miniscule tube in my tiny garden that
works as well as a dipole, but I think I will stick to my fishing pole
vertical and some wire antennas for the time being.
 
These were his findings (translated from swedish).
QUOTE
I made two serious experiments with a so called EH-antenna.
The first one was to connect the antenna to a 10 meter long 450 ladderline
with a balanced tuner by the transmitter. I received descent reports from
Poland and Germany on 7 MHz and the same reports with the eh-antenna
disconnected, which makes me beleive that it was the 10m long ladderline
that did the radiation.
Next experiment was to attach a small battery supplied chrystal transmitter
on 7Mhz in an aluminium box. Output power was only a few mW. At first I
hoisted the tx connected at the feeding point of a 2x10m dipole antenna. I
could hear the signal on a multiband antenna about 40 meters away with a
signal strength of about 70dB over s-9. Staffan SM6DOI, 10 km north of my
QTH gave me a S-1 report. After that I took down the dipole and replaced it
with the two aluminium cans. Now I could hardly hear the signal on the
multiband antenna. No deflection on the S-meter. If there had been S-1 it
would mean that it was 118dB (6x8+70) weaker than if the reference dipole
was used as a transmitting antenna. SM6DOI could not hear the tx when I
used the eh-antenna.
UNQUOTE
 
Post by John, KI6WX
Just for fun, I ran the E-H Antenna described in the patent 6,486,846 in
NEC-4.1.
 
73
Heimo FG/SM6LOD
Stuart Rohre
2003-03-03 18:36:00 UTC
Permalink
John, a clarification please, certainly the efficiency of the large
cylinders is large, taken as themselves alone, right? That is the 98 per
cent efficiency you quote? Because of the losses in the matching network,
(practical network which surely would have a Q of far less than 1000, ) you
then see the overall antenna efficiency as only 1 per cent, correct? IE the
antenna has to be taken as a system and the inefficiency of the matching
detracts from possible efficiency of the whole.

The standard method of measuring small antennas is a Wheeler cap, a closed
cylinder that can be placed over a test antenna above a ground plane.
Measurements of Z of the antenna with and without the cap can be entered
into calculations to produce efficiency based on the low radiation
resistance component of Z, and the high loss resistances of the antenna
system. We have such a Wheeler cap at work, and are measuring locally
produced FLEX antennas. I hope to use the cap after hours someday to
measure an EH for which I collected parts.

Thanks for doing the modeling, it is very informative. Very low radiation
resistance is a big hurdle, but even dummy loads radiate some.
73,
Stuart K5KVH
John, KI6WX
2003-03-04 03:55:01 UTC
Permalink
Stuart;
The nice thing about NEC is that it allows you to calculate things that you
can't easily measure. The antenna cylinders are 98% efficient, but the
matching network described in the patent will lose over 99% of the energy
passing through it when connected to a 0.03 ohm load. The overall
efficiency of the antenna is less than 1%.
-John
Post by Stuart Rohre
John, a clarification please, certainly the efficiency of the large
cylinders is large, taken as themselves alone, right? That is the 98 per
cent efficiency you quote? Because of the losses in the matching network,
(practical network which surely would have a Q of far less than 1000, )
you
Post by Stuart Rohre
then see the overall antenna efficiency as only 1 per cent, correct? IE the
antenna has to be taken as a system and the inefficiency of the matching
detracts from possible efficiency of the whole.
Trevor Day
2003-03-04 09:57:00 UTC
Permalink
Forgive me for asking this, its a serious question. Does the EHs
'claimed' method of operation not make the use of NEC as a model
useless? Surely NEC algorithms are based upon conventional antenna
theory?.

Also, If the EH matching arrangement is that poor, where does the power
go? My home-made EH does not even get warm and neither does the 4 foot
of coax feeding it.

Trev G3ZYY
Post by John, KI6WX
Stuart;
The nice thing about NEC is that it allows you to calculate things that you
can't easily measure. The antenna cylinders are 98% efficient, but the
matching network described in the patent will lose over 99% of the energy
passing through it when connected to a 0.03 ohm load. The overall
efficiency of the antenna is less than 1%.
-John
Post by Stuart Rohre
John, a clarification please, certainly the efficiency of the large
cylinders is large, taken as themselves alone, right? That is the 98 per
cent efficiency you quote? Because of the losses in the matching
network,
Post by Stuart Rohre
(practical network which surely would have a Q of far less than 1000, )
you
Post by Stuart Rohre
then see the overall antenna efficiency as only 1 per cent, correct? IE
the
Post by Stuart Rohre
antenna has to be taken as a system and the inefficiency of the matching
detracts from possible efficiency of the whole.
_______________________________________________
You must be a list member to post to the list.
Postings must be plain text (no HTML or attachments).
See: http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft
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--
Trevor Day
John, KI6WX
2003-03-04 11:19:01 UTC
Permalink
Trev;
The NEC software is based on a solution of Maxwell's Equations. For wire
types of structures, it solves Maxwell's Equations using the Electric Field
Integral Equation. For surface types of structures, it solves them using
the Magnetic Field Integral Equation. The program is capable of solving
complicated structures. Its accuracy and limitations are well documented in
the scientific literature, and it can easily solve a fairly simple antenna
structure such as described in the EH Antenna patent.

So the real question is does the EH Antenna embody a new method of
electromagnetic radiation that violates Maxwell's Equations? I would place
my money on Maxwell's Equations since they have survived for more than a
century and are still considered a exact solution for electromagnetic
radiation.

The EH Antenna is a conventional antenna fed by a matching network. The
patent states "The phasing and matching network aligns the relative phase
between the current and the voltage of the radio frequency power signal so
that the H-field component of the corresponding electromagnetic signal is
nominally in time phase with the E-field component". This is exactly what
happens in every antenna and is called the Poynting vector. If the E and H
fields are not in time alignment, the antenna will not radiate.

I can't tell you what is happening to the power feeding your antenna.
However, it is going to one or more of the following places:
- Radiation from the antenna
- Power dissipation in the antenna
- Power dissipation in the matching network
- Radiation from the coax
- Power dissipation in the coax
- Power dissipation in the transmitter (most people don't realize that
transmitters can dissipate power that is not radiated by the antenna)

You will need to do a carefully controlled set of experiments to determine
where the power is going in your setup.

-John
KI6WX
Post by Trevor Day
Forgive me for asking this, its a serious question. Does the EHs
'claimed' method of operation not make the use of NEC as a model
useless? Surely NEC algorithms are based upon conventional antenna
theory?.
Also, If the EH matching arrangement is that poor, where does the power
go? My home-made EH does not even get warm and neither does the 4 foot
of coax feeding it.
Trev G3ZYY
Post by John, KI6WX
Stuart;
The nice thing about NEC is that it allows you to calculate things that you
can't easily measure. The antenna cylinders are 98% efficient, but the
matching network described in the patent will lose over 99% of the energy
passing through it when connected to a 0.03 ohm load. The overall
efficiency of the antenna is less than 1%.
-John
Post by Stuart Rohre
John, a clarification please, certainly the efficiency of the large
cylinders is large, taken as themselves alone, right? That is the 98 per
cent efficiency you quote? Because of the losses in the matching
network,
Post by Stuart Rohre
(practical network which surely would have a Q of far less than 1000, )
you
Post by Stuart Rohre
then see the overall antenna efficiency as only 1 per cent, correct?
IE
Post by Trevor Day
Post by John, KI6WX
the
Post by Stuart Rohre
antenna has to be taken as a system and the inefficiency of the matching
detracts from possible efficiency of the whole.
_______________________________________________
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Postings must be plain text (no HTML or attachments).
See: http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft
Elecraft Web Page: http://www.elecraft.com
--
Trevor Day
_______________________________________________
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Trevor Day
2003-03-04 12:04:00 UTC
Permalink
Thank you for your considered (and swift) reply John. I suppose I
really ought to try and find the time to catch up with the theory. I
will let you know if and when I find out where my RF is going :-)

Trev G3ZYY (must get back to work; its fortunate I work from home)
Post by John, KI6WX
Trev;
The NEC software is based on a solution of Maxwell's Equations. For wire
types of structures, it solves Maxwell's Equations using the Electric Field
Integral Equation. For surface types of structures, it solves them using
the Magnetic Field Integral Equation. The program is capable of solving
complicated structures. Its accuracy and limitations are well documented in
the scientific literature, and it can easily solve a fairly simple antenna
structure such as described in the EH Antenna patent.
So the real question is does the EH Antenna embody a new method of
electromagnetic radiation that violates Maxwell's Equations? I would place
my money on Maxwell's Equations since they have survived for more than a
century and are still considered a exact solution for electromagnetic
radiation.
The EH Antenna is a conventional antenna fed by a matching network. The
patent states "The phasing and matching network aligns the relative phase
between the current and the voltage of the radio frequency power signal so
that the H-field component of the corresponding electromagnetic signal is
nominally in time phase with the E-field component". This is exactly what
happens in every antenna and is called the Poynting vector. If the E and H
fields are not in time alignment, the antenna will not radiate.
I can't tell you what is happening to the power feeding your antenna.
- Radiation from the antenna
- Power dissipation in the antenna
- Power dissipation in the matching network
- Radiation from the coax
- Power dissipation in the coax
- Power dissipation in the transmitter (most people don't realize that
transmitters can dissipate power that is not radiated by the antenna)
You will need to do a carefully controlled set of experiments to determine
where the power is going in your setup.
-John
KI6WX
Post by Trevor Day
Forgive me for asking this, its a serious question. Does the EHs
'claimed' method of operation not make the use of NEC as a model
useless? Surely NEC algorithms are based upon conventional antenna
theory?.
Also, If the EH matching arrangement is that poor, where does the power
go? My home-made EH does not even get warm and neither does the 4 foot
of coax feeding it.
Trev G3ZYY
--
Trevor Day
Stuart Rohre
2003-03-04 21:30:01 UTC
Permalink
Trev,
There is only one set of laws for Physics, you cannot invoke an exception
for any one Antenna! No, there is nothing in the claimed operation of the
EH that should not respond to the same method of moments calculations as the
simple dipole or any other antenna, for antenna modeling breaks ANY antenna
into miniscule parts looking at the effects of current upon tiny sections
then adding all those up to get the overall effects. If an antenna fails by
that standard, it is not converting current to radiation as efficiently as
standard antennas. (Those existing for many years).

The EH antenna attempts to corrupt the well known Maxwell's Equations and
consider only the E field separately from H field, while it has been known
and can be demonstrated that an E field always produces an H field and vice
versa, and they interact together to produce the radiating wave.

There is no free lunch, if you do not provide sufficient structure of low
losses, and the appropriate discontinuity, (see "Antennas" 2nd Ed. by
Kraus), to launch a certain wavelength, the efficiency of that launch is
compromised.

The structure must be sufficient to overcome the losses of any matching
network used to transfer the energy to the antenna.

As to where does the heat go in your EH, there are a number of places.
Mismatch losses in the feeder may be allowing less current in the antenna
than you assume. Have you inserted an RF ammeter between the rig and a
dipole, and the rig and the EH for comparison?

Most ham signals are not key down for long periods which would introduce
noticeable heating, ie low duty cycle. Heat starts to build up and then
dissipates in metal structure of the antenna, to air, and feedline braid
along its length, into the dielectric of the feeder, etc. Have you looked
at the sample with a thermometer that can detect small rises in temperature
of the materials?

"Working" of an antenna can be done with a small percentage efficiency, but
a fraction of the total source power. The signals would be so much better
if the antenna did perform at top efficiency. Using superconductors for the
matching network would enhance the possibilities of the EH. But, in open
air, all antennas have to exhibit the Physics upon which modeling is based,
and used not only for antennas performance, but Moments are used to analyzer
performance of airframes, cars, roads, bridges and any system appropriate to
dissection into its basic parts.
73, Stuart K5KVH

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